Domestic Violence in Society | Research

Domestic Violence in Society | Research INTRODUCTION The domestic violence is customary in our society. It has varying manifestations in the society along with the causes which give rise to the domestic violence. Domestic violence in any form, is detrimental for the family and hence society. It has hostile bearings upon the lives of people, children, women and adolescents which result stirring space by disturbing social relationships. Domestic violence with enduring impacts can affect the healthy growth of the society. The main concern of this study is to determine the domestic violence in the society. Education and health of a woman are major concerns towards a healthy growth of the family and society. In our society where patriarchal patterns are followed and women has been given a subordinate place. The low education level and conventional thinking result into domestic violence. Domestic violence has had been faced by women from all walks of life, ethnic groups, social classes, races, religious groups and also in developed and devel oping countries. We have analyzed the domestic violence in rural and urban areas of Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir. We determined causes of domestic violence; the major thing in this research is the use of severity index model to measure the level of physical and psychological severity of domestic violence. Domestic Violence Family violence also called domestic violence; the domestic violence is an act of violence between family members, the adult partners, the partners against elders and siblings. The domestic violence manifested in any form is harmful and it has worst impacts to the parties whether inmate partner or other members and hence the siblings. â€Å"Intimate partner violence is a pattern of purposeful coercive behaviours that may include inflicted physical injury, psychological abuse, sexual assault, progressive social isolation, stalking, deprivation, intimidation and threats. These behaviours are perpetrated by someone who is, was or wishes to be involved in an intimate or dating relationship with an adult or adolescent victim and are aimed at establishing control of one partner over the other† The specific definition of domestic violence includes threats, restricted freedom, and sexual, physical and psychological abuses. It is evident that psychological and physical violence can have developmental and behavioural impacts. It is important to cure the impacts of domestic violence psychologically (Family Violence Prevention Fund, 1999). †Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence, is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation† (Shipway, 2004). The domestic violence is: the inflicting of physical injury by one family or household member on another; also: a repeated / habitual pattern of such behavior† (Meriem Webster, 2011) â€Å"There is acknowledgment that many victims are not actually married to the abuser, but rather cohabiting or in other arrangements† (Waits and Kathleen, 1985). Violence customarily takes three general forms, physical, sexual and psychological. Physical Abuse includes grabbing and pushing, serious acts of choking, beating and an assault with weapon (Sarah, et al. 2000). â€Å"Domestic violence is an abuse of power. It is the domination, coercion, intimidation and victimization of one person by another by physical, sexual or emotional means within intimate relationships† (Kelsey, et al. 2000). The behavior of sons and in-laws towards the violence is essential to note that women are beaten by their sons, parents and in-laws (Iqbal, 1990). World Health Organization in 2005 conducted a multi-country study on domestic violence which showed that 15% women faced physical violence whereas 71% faced sexual violence by their inmate partners. Among the countries 20% and 75% of women had been victim of emotional abuse for last one year (Garcia, et al. 2006). The young women are often taken from Bangladesh, Thailand in order to serve as domestic servants in the homes of wealthy people. They are desecrated, demoralized and battered physically and sexually (Collective, 1990). Majlis-e-Khawateen is fundamentalist women group established by government to oblige the women and women rights (Mumtaz and Shaheed, 1987). The South-East Asia region is known for patriarchal tradition. The women face social, economic and cultural deterrents. There are certain traditions and norms, which are followed and the law enforcement agencies cannot influence to combat the violence. On the other hand, these agencies are also found involved in rape, acid attacks, and other forms of abuses. For past few decades the women materialized globally against the domestic violence and made their efforts to contribute and condensed the male dominance at home and in the country (Khan, et al. 1990). The women from all social classes, races, ethnicities, religious groups, developed and developing countries and of any age have been victim of violence. It is obvious that violence is generally described in family of domestic realm. The term domestic means violence by inmate partner and by family members. It is mostly revealed as physical, sexual, psychological and emotional. The domestic violence in developing and developed countries generally ranges from 15-17 percent (WHO, 2005). Domestic violence or battering women, maltreated utterly either physically or psychologically twice by a husband for having subtle relations. If the above definition is assumed for domestic violence then all wives do face abuses at some stages after marriage. Later abused women were described as â€Å"subjected to intense criticism, put downs, verbal harassment, sexual coercion and assault, physical attacks and intimidation, restrain of normal activities, freedom and denial of access to resources† (Walker, 1985). Violence include forced marriages, rape and domestic violence which are serious problems faced by a women. The physical and psychological abuses reported by over 85% women in Pakistan. The honor killing cases are also at large and Human Right Commission of Pakistan reported in 2008 that 1019 women have been victim of honor killing and in 2005, 10,000 lives were lost.[1] The status of women contrasts in all walks of life and in demography as well. It has diverse arrays of norms and traditions and their sways. The women working as pilots whereas some still buried alive in tribal areas in the patriarchal society. On other hand women are used as a sex object by media and portrayal on billboards can be seen universally. The women in some parts of Pakistan are restituted for their basic rights. They are not provided identical opportunities for what they deserve. The World Economic Forum placed Pakistan at 56 among the 58 countries which show the highest gender gap among the countries. The extremism has been considered a hindrance in the women development.[2] The states sign a treaty with international human rights as an obligation to gauge the domestic violence and to take measures to control it. It is found as a duty in American deceleration on the rights and duties of man. The UN committee on elimination of racial discrimination endorse that the domestic violence is human rights violation and states are obliged to protect and provide access to justice for victims without any discrimination and additional barriers (Libal Parekh, 2009). The UN failed to respond the domestic violence properly and the states have also failed in addressing the domestic violence adequately. Some countries still don’t have appropriate laws which could protect victims and punish the batterers. Only 89 countries have legislation against domestic violence (Murray, 2008). In developed and developing countries, domestic violence has been a public health issue and has considerable importance (Watts and Zimmerman, 2002, Heise, Raikes, Watts, et al. 1994, WHO, 1997, Kapoor, 2000). In Bradford UK, a study was conducted among Muslim men and women and it was concluded that men use Islam as a source of domestic violence whereas women use Islam as a ladder to gain strength and a way of negotiation for the taboos extended by partners (Macey, 1999). Domestic violence reveals at all levels of society and has varying forms. Recently, it became the concerning area bringing awareness of its commonness and impacts. It ranges from covert to overt acts (Hassan, 1995). In stereotypical society, where wife is considered as sole property of better half and justified it as a private and internal issue of family. This behavior is critical and the wives need endowment of a remedial law. For this in every Tehsil or sub district, government appoints a protection committee of police officers and two women counselors along with a protection officer to hear the aggrieved cases and provide the necessary protection (Rukhsana, 2009). Physical Violence In societies, the main cause which is considered to be a source of domestic violence is the present social structure, women are physically violated by men and men do justify violence against women where the women ultimately give in. Violence is not a common thing to explain (Gelles, 1979). Violence depends upon the man’s education, if there is lower level of education then there will be violence and men justify physical violence to their spouses (Haj, 1998). The women are considered the weaker section of the society and also poorer in status as to men and have been a victim of violence due to that position. The women do perceive themselves insecure due to violence by an inmate partner. When a person is violated physically and has a sense of insecurity then it has adverse emotional effects on their personalities. The women who leave marriages are taunted by families and societies for being a burden. The women lose their children and there is nothing reciprocal which eventually becomes social stigma. The women are not helped by police and the institutions as well. The dilemma of battered women is considered by police as confidential in case of marital abuse where the counselor advice to be a conventional wife (Hassan, 1995). There is astonishing statistics; the actual level of the issue is undermined by the researchers and experts. All the cases are not conveyed to law enforcement agencies and most of the cases are repressed. The studies are often based on police reports and police manipulates the actual facts and level of violence (Durose, 2005). All Muslim societies are critiqued for human rights violation and also for women rights. There are many reports on domestic violence in Pakistani media but the two published studies describe that 150 women were asked about health care facilities in Karachi, 34% of women faced physical abuse and it shows association with domestic violence whereas 43% of male respondents justified the violence when a wife used contraceptive without her husband’s consent (Bawah, et al. 1999). Psychological Violence A person who is abused by her partner is called a victim. A battered wife with typical personality is restraint, nervous with low self-confidence. The women mostly come from restricted and conventional environment where men and women are traditional and victimized (Niaz, 1995). Psychological abuse is fundamentally a systematic attempt to distort one’s thinking and behaviour. Psychological violence includes certain behaviours like seclusion, persuaded incapacity, extreme jealousy and threats (Stordeur, et al. 1989). Human Rights Watch reports in â€Å"Crime and Custom† that domestic violence is not a casual it is rather structural. It is stated that structure of family has some doings, motions and phenomenon which are the causes of domestic violence usually. This hallucination of structure is conceptualized by the society that rejects the discrimination of male and female and brings them to the equal level of the social ladder. It can be operationalized as soon as possible with the vigorous input of the NGO’s, government departments and civil society. Now, the time is to concentrate on this issue to protect the upcoming generation in Pakistan (Khan, n.d). WHO in 2005 conducted a multi-country study and concluded the high ratio of abuse. The violence against women by partner has been a main cause in health concerns. Women are at greater risk at home than anywhere else (Garcia, et al. 2005). Varying forms of violence exist in our county. Women are snubbed, disregarded and even found intolerable by a large section of society (Report of the Commission of Inquiry for Women: Pakistan, 1997). Domestic violence is one of the most pervasive human rights violations across the globe. Estimates are that one-third of the world’s women will endure an abusive relationship (UN Commission on the Status of Women, 2000). Abusive relationships formed by many factors which cover the battering phenomenon. The status of women became inferior when mistrust develops in environs. Domestic violence can be a result of stress and strains of family. The abuser and victim can have some features which give rise to abusive relationships (Mintz, et al. 1997). Variables The variables are as given below: Dependent Variables/ Demographic Variables Education of respondent Education of husband of respondent Education of in-laws No of children Sex of children How the respondent is married Family system Marriage type Social status of husband Residence of respondents Independent Variables The independent variables are categorized into physical and psychological to analyze the severity of the domestic violence as given below: Severity of Physical Violence Kick the partner Slap the partner Throw objects at partner Grabbing the hairs of partner Severity of Psychological Violence Taunt the partner Insult the partner Curse the partner Curse to partner’s parents Quarrel on financial matters by partner Relations of partner with other women Harm belongings of partner Permission of partner to see the parents Fulfilment of Needs by partner Monitoring of time by the partner In-laws taunt to partner Provision of decision making by partner The above mentioned variables are analyzed to find out the severity of the domestic violence in the urban and rural areas of Muzaffarabad. Rational of the Study The domestic violence is known as inmate partner violence and forcible behaviors that may include abuses, imposing behavior, the physical injuries, psychological abuse, sexual assault, social exclusion, depravation and threats. The use of power by inmate partners to their spouses. The patriarchal trends prevalent in the society justify the violence. The purpose of this study is to know the extent of domestic violence, its forms, causes and Severity Index Model is used to know the level of physical and psychological violence prevalent in the society. This research work is helpful for Government organizations, NGO’s, researchers and students to formulate the policies, conduct further research and initiate the programs regarding the mitigation of domestic violence. [1]  http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/editorial/honour-killingspolice-240 [2](source: www.riazhaq.com/2009/03/status-of-women-in-pakistan.html ) Strategies of Privacy: Managing Constant Query Evaluation Strategies of Privacy: Managing Constant Query Evaluation STRATEGIES OF PRIVACY FOR MANAGING CONSTANT EVALUATION OF QUERIES ABSTRACT: The problems of data confidentiality are fetching more and more significant and not easy to handle. While preserving database confidentiality or else privacy of the individuals concerned, we require assuring that database makes available as informative answers to needy. The design as well as functioning of a database would be constructed in an approach that will permit users to get hold of and analyze information from a database devoid of allowing its users to access subjects’ confidential information. Our advancement towards data protection difficulty is based on provisions of what users are not authorized to access all the way through query answers, which is relatively normal. When a user poses a query towards database, system practically update various attribute values on basis of confidentiality views connected to that user. Null values as well as imperfect databases have received concentration of database community and might have quite a lot of possible interpretations. T he semantics of null-based virtual updates in support of data privacy that we make available is model-theoretic, in sense that probable permissible instances subsequent to the update, so-called secrecy instances, are distinct and considered. Keywords: Data confidentiality, Attribute values, Database, Null value, Views. 1. INTRODUCTION: In the present days, level of constantly evolving database as well as internet technology has facilitated collection and mining concerning data, plus utilization of that data on a level that was earlier incredible. There is a basic trade-off among functionality of database or else a database management system as well as level of privacy specified to the subjects of database. While there are numerous benefits to advancements in database management system technology, its initiation has also formed likelihood for noteworthy abuses. The design as well as functioning of a database would be constructed in an approach that will permit users to get hold of and analyze information from a database devoid of allowing its users to access subjects’ confidential information. Several recent papers approach data confidentiality as well as access control on basis of authorization views. View-based data privacy generally approaches difficulty by specifying which views a user is authorized to ac cess. If no complete rewriting is probable, the query is discarded. Our advancement towards data protection difficulty is based on provisions of what users are not authorized to access all the way through query answers, which is relatively normal. In accordance with our approach, the information to be sheltered is confirmed as a secrecy view, or else a collection of them. Their extensions have to be reserved undisclosed. Each user or else class of them might have connected a set of confidentiality views. We want our approach to be appropriate to, and implementable on, database management system that conform to SQL Standard, and are employed in database practice. We focus on that situation and SQL nulls, leaving for potential future work the essential modifications for our approach to effort with previous kinds of null values. When a user poses a query towards database, system practically update various attribute values on basis of confidentiality views connected to that user. Data o wners typically contain a clearer picture of data that are responsive rather than concerning data that can be openly released. Dealing with problem as the complement of problem formulated in terms of permission views is not normal, and not unavoidably easy, as complements of database views would be concerned. 2. METHODOLOGY: Database management systems permit for enormous storage of data, which can be resourcefully accessed as well as manipulated. The problems of data confidentiality are fetching more and more significant and not easy to handle. Sensitive, confidential as well as critical information is frequently kept in databases. To defend this information from being contacted by third-parties devoid of clearance, companies as well as organizations have to be industrious concerning data protection. While preserving database confidentiality or else privacy of the individuals concerned, we require assuring that database makes available as informative answers to needy. We consider updates that amend attribute values all the way through null values, which are generally used to stand for omitted or else unidentified values in incomplete databases. As a result, in each of resulting updated instances, the expansion of each of secrecy views moreover turn out to be empty or else contain a single tuple showing simply null values. Either way, we state that secrecy view turn out to be null subsequently, original query is posed towards resulting class of updated instance which amounts to: Posing query towards each instance in class; answering it as normal from each of them; collecting answers that are pooled by all instances within class. The system will return answer towards query that does not make known the secret data. Null values as well as imperfect databases have received concentration of database community and might have quite a lot of possible interpretations. Figure1: An overview of building of Query Evaluation 3. APPROACH TOWARDS DATA PRIVACY: Our advancement towards data protection difficulty is based on provisions of what users are not authorized to access all the way through query answers, which is relatively normal. In accordance with our approach, the information to be sheltered is confirmed as a secrecy view, or else a collection of them. Figure1 illustrates common architecture employed in query evaluation. Dealing with problem as the complement of problem formulated in terms of permission views is not normal, and not unavoidably easy, as complements of database views would be concerned. We want our approach to be appropriate to, and implementable on, database management system that conform to SQL Standard, and are employed in database practice. We focus on that situation and SQL nulls, leaving for potential future work the essential modifications for our approach to effort with previous kinds of null values. As the SQL standard does not make available a precise, recognized semantics for NULL, we define and approve a formal, logical rebuilding of conjunctive query answering under SQL nulls. Dealing with problem as the complement of problem formulated in terms of permission views is not normal, and not unavoidably easy, as complements of database views would be concerned. We set up unary predicates Is Null as well as Is Not Null in logical formulas that are accurate only when argument is, resp. is not, constant NULL. This treatment concerning null values was outlined, but we build it precise. It captures logics along with semantics of the SQL NULL that are applicable for our effort. These aspects of nulls are essential to make available essential scientific foundations for our approach towards confidentiality. The semantics of null-based virtual updates in support of data privacy that we make available is model-theoretic, in sense that probable permissible instances subsequent to the update, so-called secrecy instances, are distinct and considered. This definition capture requirement that, on a confidentiality occurrence, extensions of secrecy views hold only a tuple by means of null values or else turn out to be empty. The secrecy instance does not head off from unique instance by more than essential to put into effect secrecy. 4. CONCLUSION: While there are numerous benefits to advancements in database management system technology, its initiation has also formed likelihood for noteworthy abuses. Several recent papers approach data confidentiality as well as access control on basis of authorization views. There is a basic trade-off among functionality of database or else a database management system as well as level of privacy specified to the subjects of database. To defend this information from being contacted by third-parties devoid of clearance, companies as well as organizations have to be industrious concerning data protection. Our advancement towards data protection difficulty is based on provisions of what users are not authorized to access all the way through query answers, which is relatively normal. In accordance with our approach, the information to be sheltered is confirmed as a secrecy view, or else a collection of them. We consider updates that amend attribute values all the way through null values, which a re generally used to stand for omitted or else unidentified values in incomplete databases. As a result, in each of resulting updated instances, the expansion of each of secrecy views moreover turn out to be empty or else contain a single tuple showing simply null values. Null values as well as imperfect databases have received concentration of database community and might have quite a lot of possible interpretations. As the SQL standard does not make available a precise, recognized semantics for NULL, we define and approve a formal, logical rebuilding of conjunctive query answering under SQL nulls.